by Neal Whitman, Poetry Prof
Something new this month: footnotes. Not to worry. Nothing here will be on “The Test.” It is just that this month’s profession of what I believe requires a little documentation to credit others. Next month I will return footnote-less and footloose.
In the 18th century, while Yosa Buson, dubbed “Poet of the Eye,” was painting and writing poetry in Japan, Immanuel Kant in Germany, writing on philosophy and aesthetics, had his eye on how to apply reason to experience and postulated that there were two kinds of feelings in poetry: the sublime and the beautiful. To illustrate, he suggested that tall oaks and lonely shadows in a grove were sublime; flowerbeds and low hedges were beautiful. 1 The feeling of sublime creates a sense of quiet awe; beauty, a more charming lightness.
Not to say no one today writes for beauty’s-sake, but today the counter to poetry that is sublime is poetry that shocks. To reverse the terms: in contemporary poetry, our choices are Shock and Awe. My military reference is not accidental. If one were to trace the history of modern poetry, we could begin with the impact of World War I and cite, for instance, Daniel Hipp’s The Poetry of Shell Shock: Wartime Trauma and Healing in Wilfred Owen, Ivor Gurney and Siegfried Sassoon. 2
Of course, there are many ways to categorize haiku written today, but, I believe that looking at two types will elucidate one of the fault lines in contemporary haiku. As I offer examples to demonstrate two aims that fall along shock versus awe, I will reframe these competing aims with the more poetical oooh and aaah. The oooh is how a reader might react to haiku that, if not quite shocking, at least creates what poet Kim Rosen called, “friction between two unalike things happening at the same time that creates a moment of surprise…” 3 The aaah is how a reader might respond to haiku that combines two images written to capture a sublime experience. Consider this haiku:
light bird
bending sagewort
morning flight
I submitted it to Modern Haiku where it was accepted by editor Charles Trumbull for the winter-spring 2010 issue. Still, he felt short-changed, as expressed in his handwritten note added to his typed letter: “I am still looking more for haiku that present two concrete images in a way that creates new & unexpected resonance.”4 While I was aiming for the aaah, this editor was suggesting that, in the future, he would prefer the oooh. I may have hit his mark when he then accepted this haiku in my next submission.
rising moon –
a dog barking
somewhere
Two haiku editors, Dick Whyte and Laurence Stacey of Haiku News propose that one of the most common structures of haiku is juxtaposition in which meaning is created between two images, oftentimes with unexpected results.5 They have posted over 20 of my haiku in their online journal, some of which may have and may not have met the oooh standard, but another editor who has rejected three of my submissions put a period on it with this advice: “I suggest you try juxtaposing two dissimilar images and see how they affect one another.” 6 In short, give me an oooh!
I do not know if editors consciously use the oooh versus aaah typology to make their decisions, but I detect editorial favoritism for the oooh. Still, I see both types of haiku in the same journal issue and I like reading both. My sense is that aaah haiku use a general phrase for its “kigo” – its reference to the season. The second image is more specific and, in combination, the two images give me the feeling of “season-ness” in the experience the poet has rendered. For example, in the autumn-winter 2011 issue of Mariposa, here a haiku by Bruce Feingold: 7
coming of summer…
the whiteness
of roses
aaah … I love this haiku for bringing me into the arrival of of this season. I bring to it my own set of feelings about “summer-newness.” Then, in the same issue, here is haiku by Carolyn Hall: 8
faceless moon
I too am buried
in this grave
oooh … I love this haiku for its juxtapositon of two things that do and do not go together. With an element of surprise, it awakens me to my unknown future.
I hope this month I have helped you find a new way to read haiku … and to write it. Though some editors prefer one aim over the other, I profess love of both.
References
- Kant, Immanuel. “1764 Konigsberg: Systems of Being.” reprinted in Lapham’s Quarterly. Summer 2008, p. 22.
- Hipp, Daniel. The Poetry of Shell Shock: Wartime Trauma and Healing in Wilford Owen, Ivor Gurney and Siegfried Sassoon. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2005.
- Rosen, Kim. Saved by a Poem. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc., 2009. p. 92.
- Trumbell, Charles correspondence to Neal Whitman, November 18, 2009.
- Dick Whyte. Haiku News. “A Note on the Haiku Form.” www.wayfarergallery.net/haikunews.
- personal email to Neal Whitman, February 5, 2012.
- Feingold, Bruce. Mariposa. Autumn-Winter 2011.
- Hall, Carolyn. Mariposa. Autumn-Winter 2011.